Cuyamaca Gateway |SDSU 110A | History 108 | Lecture Outlines
Lincoln and Secession
VA, Ark, Tenn, and NC leave united North controlling the border states
MD, KT, DEL, and MO
Keys to VictoryNorth must defeat South thoroughly South must not lose
Advantages & Disadvantages
NorthSouthindustrial, population, RRs, weapons paid off in long term but not short term
psychological: better fighters, something to defend and lose better military leaders slaves would free up whites defensive strategy Mobilizing for War
Creating a Confederate government
starting from scratch Lincoln’s loss is Davis’ gain Mobilizing Troops
volunteers in early years drafting soldiers by 1862 Financing the war
greenback, bonds and taxes The First Stage of War
"On to Richmond" strategy
Battle of Bull Run (7/21/61)
humiliated north
clear that war would be long
Western Campaignsplit south into two parts Forts Henry and Donelson Shiloh (4/6-7/62 Union navy and New Orleans The Final Years
General Robert E. Lee & Southern strategy
Chancellorsville (May 1863) Union Siege of Vicksburg (May-July4, 1863) Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Sherman’s March to the Sea
insures Lincoln’s 1864 reelection US Grant, Lee and Appomattox (4/9/65) Costs and Impact of the War
Why the North Won
manpower and economic resources loss of southern resolve Lincoln’s flexibility and party politics Costs of War
Union: 360K; Conf: 258K Impact of War
emancipation of slaves supremacy of the federal gov’t
Free at Last: The Civil War and Emancipation
From Slave to Contraband
Restoring the Union, not ending slavery
Political reasons against ending slavery
border states (MO, KT, MD, Del.)
property rights of border states’ planters
No. Democrats, Racism, and No. unity
Forces behind abolition
abolitionists and Rep.party
slaves see war about them not the union
General Butler and contraband order
From Contraband to Freedmen
First Confiscation Act (Aug. 1861)
slaves used in military capacity deemed contraband if captured
Second Confiscation Act (1862)
all slaves above union lines are free
Lincoln moving towards emancipation to keep GB out of war and hurt south
still gradual as slaveholders to be paid
colonization idea to quell No. Demo.
Emancipation at Last
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Sept 1862
any state in rebellion as of 1/1/63 would mean their slaves free
border states excluded
Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/63)
military necessity / commander-in-chief
no colonization
Black Soldiers and the War
Manpower shortages by 1863
Black regiments mostly ex-slaves
proved themselves on battlefield
Massachusetts’ 54th
valiant fight at Ft. Wagner
equal pay dispute
helped set new terms for postwar race relations
What the North should have done to the South
A Reconstruction Counterfactual or what might have been.
Issues and Assumptions
Reconstruction issues
how was S. to brought back into union?
what kind of society would postwar S. be?
what was the status of freed people?
Assumptions of my plan
slavery a moral scar and abolition good
planter class reactionary
slaves suffered and fought with N.
secession was treason
First Tasks
Disarm confederate armies
below Brig. General sent home
those above charged w/treason
High political command charged also
If convicted, above Brig. General and confederate congressmen and secession delegates jailed for life with parole
the rest executed
Political Reconstruction
South under martial law
Pres. Appoint gov. from Union army
Call state constitution convention
New State consitut. must include:
ratify 13th amend.
Ex-slaves given citizenship rights and vote
disloyal disfranchised for period of time
would mean a blow to planter leadership
Economic Reconstruction
Economic Independence crucial
Confiscation of slaveowners’ land
70m acres to make 70 acres farms
Supplies and Needs
taxes on RRs, mfg to provide $265/family
Credit system and aid to encourage market production
The South would be truly reconstructed
Reconstruction
Vision of the former slaves
Freedom from white control
churches, meetings, dress
Reunited families
Education
Control over their labor
land
Vision of Planters or Masters
Need ex-slaves to work on their land
don’t let them own land
Written contracts
decreased mobility and autonomy
Black Codes enforced these new rules
lose earnings if leave before contract
vagrancy
Former slaves resisted by changing rules of work and political organizing
Pres. Johnson & Reconciliation
Recon a presidential concern
Lenient plan
restore gov’ts
revoke secession ordinance
ratify 13th amendment
amnesty to all except highest elite
By end of 1865, south had functioning gov’ts
Republican party and politics
Moderates want Demo. Party weak
Radicals wanted revolution in south
confiscate land and redistribute
black suffrage and education
Congress and Civil Rights Act (1866)
expand rights to ex-slaves/ vetoed
Johnson rallies support against 14th amend
Election of 1866 weakens Johnson
The Limits of Reconstruction
Race, Politics, and the Economy and the end of Reconstruction
1867 Reconstruction Act
Divide south into 5 military districts
New terms for re-admittance
new state constitution
black and white to decide
guarantee black suffrage in const.
Ratify 14th amendment
14th Amendment provides constitutional protection
defines citizenship; equal protection
Black Politics in the South
Politicization of ex-slaves
new black leaders
gained some political offices
Black Political Agenda
rid econ. control of master class
expand rights to own land
language emphasize equality not race
eliminate Black Codes
inc. democracy, modernize econ.
Road to Redemption
KKK
goal to reduce black pol. power by terror
1871 KKK Act
Recon not just about the south
1870s labor/capital conflict
1873-1878 depression
growing power of business and Rep. party
Compromise of 1877
Context of labor conflict
southern Repub pro-labor
northern Repub pro-business
Hayes v. Tilden
Compromise
Hayes and Rep get presidency
south gets home rule
Fed. Troops removed
Race, Class, and Railroads in the American West
Repub. Party Economic Program
Secession and Repub dominance
Morrill Tariff (1861)
high protective tariff for industry
Homestead Act (1862)
cheap/free land to populate west
Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
subsidizes RR construction and expands market
National Banking Acts (1863,64)
nat’l banking system and currency
Transcontinental Railroad
RRs and the American mind
opening the American west
Central Pacific/Union Pacific
land grants
California’s "Big Four"
RRs and new markets
Chinese in California
Chinese and White Workers
1860s heyday for skilled white workers
anti-coolie clubs
Impact of RR completion
Chinese labor and nat’l competition
1870s Depression destroys white unions
1877 RR strike
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Native Americans and the West
Indians before the RR
gov’t policy and Civil War
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Military policy
Little Bighorn (1876)
war of attrition
Dawes Act (1887)
make white farmers out of them
Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee: 1890